What is the definition of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)?

The correct definition of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) is the instantaneous discharge of static electricity between objects. This phenomenon occurs when two objects with different electric potentials come into contact or are in close proximity, allowing the accumulated static charge to quickly discharge, often resulting in a visible spark or other effects.

Understanding ESD is particularly important in the field of electronics, where sensitive components can be damaged by these brief bursts of electrical energy. The rapid transfer of charge can cause malfunctions, destroy components, or compromise the reliability of electronic systems, emphasizing the need for proper ESD protection measures in environments where electronics are handled.

The other options refer to related concepts but do not accurately define ESD. For example, the accumulation of static electricity and the buildup of electrical charge in a vacuum describe the processes leading to ESD rather than the discharge itself. The transfer of electrical energy through a conductor relates to how electrical circuits operate but is not specific to the discharge caused by static electricity.