What happens if an electrolytic capacitor is connected incorrectly?

When an electrolytic capacitor is connected incorrectly, particularly with reverse polarity, it can lead to catastrophic failure. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized components, meaning they have a positive and a negative terminal that must be connected correctly according to the circuit design. If the capacitor is connected with reversed polarity, the dielectric layer within the capacitor can break down, which may cause the electrolyte inside to heat up and expand. This can result in the capacitor venting, leaking, or even exploding due to the excessive pressure and heat buildup.

Therefore, understanding the correct orientation of electrolytic capacitors is crucial for the integrity of electronic circuits. When connected properly, these capacitors serve their intended function effectively, while incorrect connections lead directly to damage and can compromise the entire circuit they are part of.